Hi. I am new to blockchain development. I am currently using Solidity + Truffle + Ganache on VS Code. I am also using the Openzeppelin Library.
So I created this very simple contract that basically is an ERC20 Token (code below):
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
contract SampleToken is ERC20 {
constructor () ERC20 ("Sample Token", "SAMPLE") {
_mint(msg.sender, 100000000 * 10 ** decimals());
}
}
Here is my truffle.config.js:
/**
* Use this file to configure your truffle project. It's seeded with some
* common settings for different networks and features like migrations,
* compilation, and testing. Uncomment the ones you need or modify
* them to suit your project as necessary.
*
* More information about configuration can be found at:
*
* https://trufflesuite.com/docs/truffle/reference/configuration
*
* Hands-off deployment with Infura
* --------------------------------
*
* Do you have a complex application that requires lots of transactions to deploy?
* Use this approach to make deployment a breeze 🏖️:
*
* Infura deployment needs a wallet provider (like @truffle/hdwallet-provider)
* to sign transactions before they're sent to a remote public node.
* Infura accounts are available for free at 🔍: https://infura.io/register
*
* You'll need a mnemonic - the twelve word phrase the wallet uses to generate
* public/private key pairs. You can store your secrets 🤐 in a .env file.
* In your project root, run `$ npm install dotenv`.
* Create .env (which should be .gitignored) and declare your MNEMONIC
* and Infura PROJECT_ID variables inside.
* For example, your .env file will have the following structure:
*
* MNEMONIC = <Your 12 phrase mnemonic>
* PROJECT_ID = <Your Infura project id>
*
* Deployment with Truffle Dashboard (Recommended for best security practice)
* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* Are you concerned about security and minimizing rekt status 🤔?
* Use this method for best security:
*
* Truffle Dashboard lets you review transactions in detail, and leverages
* MetaMask for signing, so there's no need to copy-paste your mnemonic.
* More details can be found at 🔎:
*
* https://trufflesuite.com/docs/truffle/getting-started/using-the-truffle-dashboard/
*/
// require('dotenv').config();
// const { MNEMONIC, PROJECT_ID } = process.env;
// const HDWalletProvider = require('@truffle/hdwallet-provider');
module.exports = {
/**
* Networks define how you connect to your ethereum client and let you set the
* defaults web3 uses to send transactions. If you don't specify one truffle
* will spin up a managed Ganache instance for you on port 9545 when you
* run `develop` or `test`. You can ask a truffle command to use a specific
* network from the command line, e.g
*
* $ truffle test --network <network-name>
*/
networks: {
// Useful for testing. The `development` name is special - truffle uses it by default
// if it's defined here and no other network is specified at the command line.
// You should run a client (like ganache, geth, or parity) in a separate terminal
// tab if you use this network and you must also set the `host`, `port` and `network_id`
// options below to some value.
//
development: {
host: "127.0.0.1", // Localhost (default: none)
port: 7545, // Standard Ethereum port (default: none)
network_id: "*", // Any network (default: none)
},
//
// An additional network, but with some advanced options…
// advanced: {
// port: 8777, // Custom port
// network_id: 1342, // Custom network
// gas: 8500000, // Gas sent with each transaction (default: ~6700000)
// gasPrice: 20000000000, // 20 gwei (in wei) (default: 100 gwei)
// from: <address>, // Account to send transactions from (default: accounts[0])
// websocket: true // Enable EventEmitter interface for web3 (default: false)
// },
//
// Useful for deploying to a public network.
// Note: It's important to wrap the provider as a function to ensure truffle uses a new provider every time.
// goerli: {
// provider: () => new HDWalletProvider(MNEMONIC, `https://goerli.infura.io/v3/${PROJECT_ID}`),
// network_id: 5, // Goerli's id
// confirmations: 2, // # of confirmations to wait between deployments. (default: 0)
// timeoutBlocks: 200, // # of blocks before a deployment times out (minimum/default: 50)
// skipDryRun: true // Skip dry run before migrations? (default: false for public nets )
// },
//
// Useful for private networks
// private: {
// provider: () => new HDWalletProvider(MNEMONIC, `https://network.io`),
// network_id: 2111, // This network is yours, in the cloud.
// production: true // Treats this network as if it was a public net. (default: false)
// }
},
// Set default mocha options here, use special reporters, etc.
mocha: {
// timeout: 100000
},
// Configure your compilers
compilers: {
solc: {
version: "0.8.20", // Fetch exact version from solc-bin (default: truffle's version)
// docker: true, // Use "0.5.1" you've installed locally with docker (default: false)
// settings: { // See the solidity docs for advice about optimization and evmVersion
// optimizer: {
// enabled: false,
// runs: 200
// },
// evmVersion: "byzantium"
// }
}
},
// Truffle DB is currently disabled by default; to enable it, change enabled:
// false to enabled: true. The default storage location can also be
// overridden by specifying the adapter settings, as shown in the commented code below.
//
// NOTE: It is not possible to migrate your contracts to truffle DB and you should
// make a backup of your artifacts to a safe location before enabling this feature.
//
// After you backed up your artifacts you can utilize db by running migrate as follows:
// $ truffle migrate --reset --compile-all
//
// db: {
// enabled: false,
// host: "127.0.0.1",
// adapter: {
// name: "indexeddb",
// settings: {
// directory: ".db"
// }
// }
// }
};
Here is my migrations file:
const Migrations = artifacts.require ("SampleToken");
module.exports = function(_deployer) {
// Use deployer to state migration tasks.
_deployer.deploy (Migrations);
};
... basically a very basic contract. Baby steps.
It compiles fine but when I execute truffle migrate to deploy the contract, i get the following results from the terminal:
Compiling your contracts...Compiling your contracts...
===========================
> Compiling ./contracts/SampleToken.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Context.sol
> Artifacts written to /var/www/html/TruffleToken/build/contracts
> Compiled successfully using:
- solc: 0.8.20+commit.a1b79de6.Emscripten.clang
Starting migrations...
======================
> Network name: 'development'
> Network id: 5777
> Block gas limit: 6721975 (0x6691b7)
1710763574_sample_token.js
==============================
Deploying 'SampleToken'
--------------------------
*** Deployment Failed ***
"SampleToken" hit an invalid opcode while deploying. Try:
* Verifying that your constructor params satisfy all assert conditions.
* Verifying your constructor code doesn't access an array out of bounds.
* Adding reason strings to your assert statements.
Exiting: Review successful transactions manually by checking the transaction hashes above on Etherscan.
Error: *** Deployment Failed ***
"SampleToken" hit an invalid opcode while deploying. Try:
* Verifying that your constructor params satisfy all assert conditions.
* Verifying your constructor code doesn't access an array out of bounds.
* Adding reason strings to your assert statements.
at /usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/deployer/src/deployment.js:330:1
Truffle v5.11.5 (core: 5.11.5)
Node v20.11.1
> Compiling ./contracts/HighTableToken.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/interfaces/draft-IERC6093.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol
> Compiling @openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Context.sol
> Artifacts written to /var/www/html/TruffleToken/build/contracts
> Compiled successfully using:
- solc: 0.8.20+commit.a1b79de6.Emscripten.clang
It says "Invalid OpCode"
As per my googling abilities, it is because of "The error "invalid opcode" can occur when deploying a contract to Ganache due to the PUSH0(0x5f) opcode, which is only supported on ETH mainnet. Other chains can't find this opcode, which can cause the error."
Subsequently, I am recommended to lower my solidity version to a version that is lower than 0.8.20.